Lesão miocárdica e complicações cardiovasculares na COVID-19: estudo de coorte em pacientes graves e críticos / Myocardial injury and cardiovascular complications in COVID-19: a cohort study in severe and critical patients

RESUMO Objetivo: Caracterizar a lesão miocárdica e as complicações cardiovasculares e seus preditores em pacientes graves e críticos com COVID-19 admitidos à unidade de terapia intensiva. Métodos: Este foi um estudo de coorte observacional em pacientes graves e críticos com COVID-19 admitidos à unidade de terapia intensiva. A lesão miocárdica foi definida como níveis sanguíneos de troponina cardíaca acima do limite de referência superior ao percentil 99. Os eventos cardiovasculares considerados foram combinação de trombose venosa profunda, embolia pulmonar, acidente vascular cerebral, infarto do miocárdio, isquemia aguda de membros, isquemia mesentérica, insuficiência cardíaca e arritmia cardíaca. Regressão logística univariada e multivariada ou modelos de risco proporcional de Cox foram utilizados para determinar os preditores de lesão miocárdica. Resultados: Foram admitidos à unidade de terapia intensiva 567 pacientes graves e críticos com COVID-19, dos quais 273 (48,1%) apresentavam lesão miocárdica. Dos 374 pacientes críticos com COVID-19, 86,1% tinham lesão miocárdica, além de apresentarem mais disfunção orgânica e maior mortalidade aos 28 dias (56,6% versus 27,1%; p < 0,001). Foram preditores de lesão miocárdica idade avançada, hipertensão arterial e uso de imunomoduladores. Complicações cardiovasculares ocorreram em 19,9% dos pacientes graves e críticos com COVID-19 admitidos à unidade de terapia intensiva, e a maioria dos eventos deu-se em pacientes com lesão miocárdica (28,2% versus 12,2%; p < 0,001). A ocorrência de evento cardiovascular precoce durante internação em unidade de terapia intensiva estava associada à maior mortalidade aos 28 dias em comparação com eventos tardios ou inexistentes (57,1% versus 34,0% versus 41,8%; p = 0,01). Conclusão: Pacientes com formas graves e críticas de COVID-19 admitidos à unidade de terapia intensiva foram comumente diagnosticados com lesão miocárdica e complicações cardiovasculares, e ambas estavam associadas à maior mortalidade nesses pacientes.

ABSTRACT Objective: To characterize myocardial injury and cardiovascular complications and their predictors in severe and critical COVID-19 patients admitted to the intensive care unit. Methods: This was an observational cohort study of severe and critical COVID-19 patients admitted to the intensive care unit. Myocardial injury was defined as blood levels of cardiac troponin above the 99th percentile upper reference limit. Cardiovascular events considered were the composite of deep vein thrombosis, pulmonary embolism, stroke, myocardial infarction, acute limb ischemia, mesenteric ischemia, heart failure and arrhythmia. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression or Cox proportional hazard models were used to determine predictors of myocardial injury. Results: Of 567 patients with severe and critical COVID-19 admitted to the intensive care unit, 273 (48.1%) had myocardial injury. Of the 374 patients with critical COVID-19, 86.1% had myocardial injury, and also showed more organ dysfunction and higher 28-day mortality (56.6% versus 27.1%, p < 0.001). Advanced age, arterial hypertension and immune modulator use were predictors of myocardial injury. Cardiovascular complications occurred in 19.9% of patients with severe and critical COVID-19 admitted to the intensive care unit, with most events occurring in patients with myocardial injury (28.2% versus 12.2%, p < 0.001). The occurrence of an early cardiovascular event during intensive care unit stay was associated with higher 28-day mortality compared with late or no events (57.1% versus 34% versus 41.8%, p = 0.01). Conclusion: Myocardial injury and cardiovascular complications were commonly found in patients with severe and critical forms of COVID-19 admitted to the intensive care unit, and both were associated with increased mortality in these patients.

Cardiac Surgery-associated Acute Kidney Injury in Patients with Preserved Baseline Renal Function

ABSTRACT Introduction: Cardiac surgery-associated acute kidney injury (CSA-AKI) is a powerful predictor of perioperative outcomes. We evaluated the burden of CSA-AKI in patients with preserved baseline renal function. Methods: The data of 2,162 adult patients who underwent cardiac surgery from January 2005 to December 2020 were analyzed. Logistic regression models were used to determine predictors of CSA-AKI and their associations with hospital mortality up to 30 days. Results: The prevalence of acute kidney injury was 43.0%, and 2.0% of patients required renal replacement therapy. Hospital mortality rate was 5.6% (non-acute kidney injury = 2.0% vs. CSA-AKI = 10.4%, P<0.001), and any degree of CSA-AKI was associated with a significant increase in death rates (stage 1 = 4.3%, stage 2 = 23.9%, stage 3 = 59.7%). Multivariable logistic regression analysis identified age, obesity, left ventricular dysfunction, previous cardiac surgery, and cardiopulmonary bypass duration as predictors of CSA-AKI. Moreover, CSA-AKI was confirmed as independent predictor of hospital mortality for stage 1 (odds ratio, 2.02; 95% confidence interval, 1.16 to 3.51; P=0.013), stage 2 (odds ratio, 9.18; 95% confidence interval, 4.54 to 18.58; P<0.001), and stage 3 (odds ratio, 37.72; 95% confidence interval, 18.87 to 75.40; P<0.001) patients. Conclusion: Age, obesity, left ventricular dysfunction, previous cardiac surgery, and cardiopulmonary bypass duration are independent predictors of CSA-AKI in patients with preserved baseline renal function. The development of CSA-AKI is significantly associated with worse outcomes, and there is a dose-response relationship between acute kidney injury stages and hospital mortality.

Hospitalizations for COVID-19 in a tertiary hospital in Brazil: a parallel with vaccination

ABSTRACT This study aimed to evaluate the COVID-19 hospitalizations in a tertiary hospital by age group and month, considering the introduction and the advance of the vaccination against the disease. The laboratory-confirmed COVID-19-associated hospitalizations among people aged 20 years or older, that occurred between March 2020 and June 2021, were distributed by month of symptom onset and age group. The proportion of hospitalizations by age group was calculated for the year 2021. The proportions were compared using the chi-square test for trends. The marks of vaccination advances among different age groups were taken from the official website LocalizaSUS. In 2020, hospitalizations among people aged 60-80 years old were the most frequent (39.1%). From January-June 2021, when the vaccination commenced, while hospitalizations of patients aged 20 to < 40 and 40 to 60 years old showed an increasing trend, the older age groups and those with vaccination recommendations (from 60 to < 80 and from 80 or over) showed a downward trend. As of June 2021, with widespread vaccination, a drop in hospitalizations was observed in > 60 years old. At 20 to <40 and 40 to < 60, an increase in hospitalizations was observed. It demonstrates the important role of vaccination in combating the COVID-19 pandemic.

B-Type natriuretic peptide as a predictor of short-term mortality in on-pump coronary artery bypass grafting

Abstract Objective: The present study refers to a determination of the preoperative B-type natriuretic peptide is a predictor of short-term all-cause mortality in patients undergoing on-pump coronary artery bypass graft surgeries. Methods: Two hundred and twenty-one patients undergoing on-pump coronary artery bypass graft surgeries were evaluated prospectively during a 30-day postoperative follow-up period. Serum B-type natriuretic peptide concentration was measured without a 24-hour period prior to the surgical procedure and the value obtained was correlated with a short-term all-cause mortality. Results: Data analysis showed that all-cause mortality rates were equal to 9.5% in 30 days. Accuracy analysis by the receiver operating characteristic curve found an ideal cut-off value of B-type natriuretic peptide equal to 150 pg/mL in relation to mortality (AUC=0.82, 95% CI=0.71-0.87, P<0.001). Multivariate analysis showed that B-type natriuretic peptide value greater than or equal to 150 pg/mL (P=0.030, HR=3.99, 95% CI=1.14-13.98) was an independent predictor of all-cause mortality in a 30-day follow-up period. Conclusion: Preoperative serum B-type natriuretic peptide concentration is an independent predictor of short-term all-cause mortality in patients undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting with cardiopulmonary bypass.

Dexmedetomidine as an anesthetic adjuvant in cardiac surgery: a cohort study

ABSTRACT Objective: α-2-agonists cause sympathetic inhibition combined with parasympathetic activation and have other properties that could be beneficial during cardiac anesthesia. We evaluated the effects of dexmedetomidine as an anesthetic adjuvant compared to a control group during cardiac surgery. Methods: We performed a retrospective analysis of prospectively collected data from all adult patients (> 18 years old) undergoing cardiac surgery. Patients were divided into two groups, regarding the use of dexmedetomidine as an adjuvant intraoperatively (DEX group) and a control group who did not receive α-2-agonist (CON group). Results: A total of 1302 patients who underwent cardiac surgery, either coronary artery bypass graft or valve surgery, were included; 796 in the DEX group and 506 in the CON group. Need for reoperation (2% vs. 2.8%, P=0.001), type 1 neurological injury (2% vs. 4.7%, P=0.005) and prolonged hospitalization (3.1% vs. 7.3%, P=0.001) were significantly less frequent in the DEX group than in the CON group. Thirty-day mortality rates were 3.4% in the DEX group and 9.7% in the CON group (P<0.001). Using multivariable Cox regression analysis with in hospital death as the dependent variable, dexmedetomidine was independently associated with a lower risk of 30-day mortality (odds ratio [OR]=0.39, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.24-0.65, P≤0.001). The Logistic EuroSCORE (OR=1.05, 95% CI: 1.02-1.10, P=0.004) and age (OR=1.03, 95% CI: 1.01-1.06, P=0.003) were independently associated with a higher risk of 30-day mortality. Conclusion: Dexmedetomidine used as an anesthetic adjuvant was associated with better outcomes in patients undergoing coronary artery bypass graft and valve surgery. Randomized prospective controlled trials are warranted to confirm our results.

Acute kidney injury based on KDIGO (Kidney Disease Improving Global Outcomes) criteria in patients with elevated baseline serum creatinine undergoing cardiac surgery / Lesão renal aguda baseada nos critérios KDIGO (Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes) em pacientes com creatinina sérica elevada submetidos à cirurgia cardíaca

Introduction: Preoperatively elevated serum creatinine (SCr) is considered an independent risk factor for morbidity and mortality after cardiac surgery. The aim of this study was to apply the Kidney Disease Improving Global Outcomes classification for acute kidney injury in a population of patients with preoperatively elevated serum creatinine who underwent cardiac surgery (coronary artery bypass grafting or cardiac valve surgery) and to evaluate the acute worsening of renal function as a predictor of 30-day mortality. Methods: This was a single-center retrospective study that included patients from the Postoperative Cardiac Surgery Intensive Care Unit of the Hospital de Base, São José do Rio Preto Medical School. Demographics, type of surgery, laboratory data and pre, peri and postoperative data were obtained from a prospectively collected database. From January 2003 to June 2013, 2,878 patients underwent cardiac surgery, either coronary artery bypass grafting or cardiac valve surgery, at the Hospital de Base of São José do Rio Preto Medical School. Out of those, 918 showed elevated preoperative serum creatinine, with SCr > 1.30 mg/dL for men and > 1.00 mg/dL for women. Five hundred and forty nine patients (60%) undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting and 369 patients (40%) undergoing cardiac valve surgery. A Multivariate Cox Proportional Hazard Model (stepwise) was used to assess the relationship between AKI and mortality at 30 days. Results: Out of the 918 patients studied, 391 (43%) had postoperative AKI: 318 (35%) had Kidney Disease Improving Global Outcomes stage 1, 27 (2.9%) had Kidney Disease Improving Global Outcomes stage 2, and 46 (5.0%) had Kidney Disease Improving Global Outcomes stage 3. Patients in every stage of acute kidney injury showed progressive increase in EuroSCORE values, 30-day mortality ratescardiopulmonary bypass duration, and intensive care length of stay. Among patients classified ...

Introdução: Creatinina sérica (CSr) elevada no período pré-operatório é considerada um fator de risco independente para morbidade e mortalidade em cirurgia cardíaca. Avaliar o impacto da lesão renal aguda pelos critérios Kidney Disease Improving Global Outcomes como preditor de mortalidade em 30 dias em pacientes submetidos à revascularização miocárdica ou cirurgia valvar com creatinina sérica pré-operatória elevada. Métodos: Este foi um estudo retrospectivo de centro único que incluiu pacientes da Unidade de Cuidados Intensivos em Pós-operatório de Cirurgia Cardíaca do Hospital de Base, Faculdade de Medicina de São José do Rio Preto. Dados demográficos, tipos de cirurgia, dados laboratoriais e informações pré, peri e pós-operatórias foram obtidos a partir de uma coleta prospectiva de banco de dados. Foram considerados 2878 pacientes consecutivamente submetidos à revascularização miocárdica ou cirurgia valvar no período de janeiro de 2003 a junho de 2013. Destes, 918 indivíduos apresentavam creatinina sérica alterada no pré-operatório (CrS > 1.30 mg/dL para homens e > 1.00 mg/dL para mulheres), compreendendo 549 pacientes (60%) submetidos à revascularização miocárdica e 369 pacientes (40%) submetidos à cirurgia valvar. O modelo de riscos proporcionais de Cox foi utilizado para avaliar a relação entre lesão renal aguda e mortalidade em 30 dias. Resultados: Nesta casuística, 391 pacientes (43%) apresentaram lesão renal aguda no pós-operatório, sendo 318 (35%) Kidney Disease Improving Global Outcomes estágio 1, 27 (2,9%) Kidney Disease Improving Global Outcomes estágio 2 e 46 (5,0%) Kidney Disease Improving Global Outcomes estágio 3. EuroSCORE, mortalidade em 30 ...

Surgical treatment for infective endocarditis and hospital mortality in a Brazilian single-center / Tratamento cirúrgico para endocardite infecciosa e mortalidade hospitalar em centro único brasileiro

OBJECTIVE: We evaluated patients underwent cardiac valve surgery in the presence of infective endocarditis in an attempt to identify independent predictors of 30-day mortality. METHODS: We evaluated 837 consecutive patients underwent cardiac valve surgery from January 2003 to May 2010 in a tertiary hospital in São José do Rio Preto, São Paulo (SP), Brazil. The study group comprised patients who underwent intervention in the presence of infective endocarditis and was compared to the control group (without infective endocarditis), evaluating perioperative clinical outcomes and 30-day all cause mortality. RESULTS: In our series, 64 patients (8%) underwent cardiac valve surgery in the presence of infective endocarditis, and 37.5% of them had surgical intervention in multiple valves. The study group had prolonged ICU length of stay (16%), greater need for dialysis (9%) and higher 30-day mortality (17%) compared to the control group (7%, P=0.020; 2%, P=0.002 and 9%, P=0.038; respectively). In a Cox regression analysis, age (P = 0.007), acute kidney injury (P = 0.004), dialysis (P = 0.026), redo surgery (P = 0.026), re-exploration for bleeding (P = 0.013), tracheal reintubation (P <0.001) and type I neurological injury (P <0.001) were identified as independent predictors for death. Although the manifestation of infective endocarditis influenced on mortality in univariate analysis, multivariate Cox regression analysis did not confirm such variable as an independent predictor of death. CONCLUSION: Age and perioperative complications stand out as predictors of hospital mortality in Brazilian population. Cardiac valve surgery in the presence of active infective endocarditis was not confirmed itself as an independent predictor of 30-day mortality.

OBJETIVO: Avaliamos pacientes submetidos à cirurgia valvar em vigência de endocardite infecciosa na tentativa de identificar preditores independentes de mortalidade intrahospitalar em 30 dias. MÉTODOS: Foram avaliados 837 pacientes consecutivamente submetidos à cirurgia valvar, no período de janeiro de 2003 a maio de 2010, em um hospital terciário de São José do Rio Preto, SP, Brasil. O Grupo de Estudo compreendeu indivíduos submetidos à intervenção em vigência de endocardite infecciosa e foi comparado ao Grupo Controle, considerando complicações clínicas perioperatórias e óbito por todas as causas em 30 dias. RESULTADOS: Em nossa casuística, 64 (8%) pacientes foram submetidos à cirurgia valvar em vigência de endocardite infecciosa, sendo 37,5% deles com indicação de intervenção cirúrgica em múltiplas valvas. O Grupo de Estudo apresentou maior permanência em Unidade de Terapia Intensiva (16%), necessidade de diálise (9%) e maior mortalidade em 30 dias (17%) comparado ao Grupo Controle (7%, P=0,020; 2%, P=0,002 e 9%, P=0,038; respectivamente). A análise de regressão de Cox confirmou idade (P=0,007), lesão renal aguda (P=0,004), diálise (P=0,026), reoperação (P=0,026), reintervenção por sangramento (P=0,013), reintubação orotraqueal (P<0,001) e lesão neurológica tipo I (P<0,001) como preditores independentes para óbito. Embora a manifestação de endocardite infecciosa influencie na mortalidade na análise univariada, a regressão de Cox não confirmou tal variável como preditor independente de óbito em nossa casuística. CONCLUSÃO: Idade e complicações perioperatórias destacam-se como preditores de mortalidade hospitalar em população brasileira. Cirurgia valvar em vigência de infecção ativa não se confirma como preditor independente de óbito nesta casuística.